DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . 46. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. (Santo Domingo, 1998). This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China. Please see attached document for assignments needed. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. For a very long time, in fact. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. You wont find him anywhere in the Oxford History of the United States , the New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations , or any of the major textbooksincluding those, like Howard Zinns Peoples History of the United States and James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me , explicitly designed to give voice to suppressed histories. Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). 28. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. 15. The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Yet annexation did take place. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - The comparison is enlightening. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. 1 0 obj Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. U.S. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. 41. But things are changing quickly. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. 1846. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. 1. This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. 4 0 obj The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. of the United States, Geography 20 A self-governing state cannot accept . On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. endobj %PDF-1.5 Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. For a widely read recent articulation of the Williams thesis that the United States has pursued imperialism by other means, see Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ, 2010). In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. Sectionalism map of the united states; 21. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. 5. Hello, A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. The country claimed 94 such islands . The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. All instructions are in the template file. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. 1. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. endstream The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. 2 0 obj 1. Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American 1848. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . . 3 0 obj Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. <> 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . Bicknell, Edward. It set the Philippines free. It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement Title from title sheet. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. 14. Speech of Hon. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an But thats not it. Wall maps. turkey stuffed with rice and meat; boil water advisory near me 2021 In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico Albizu presents something of a puzzle. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. Surely, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the war. Don't use plagiarized sources. But they are not the whole of it. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims 9. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. 12. The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. 7. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. Help With Assignments 1 161. Diplomatic History used to be like that. 26. But those familiar borders only held for four years. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. 4. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). Six thousand American troops participated in the British occupation of Havana in 1762-3, but the island was exchanged for Florida at the peace treaty of 1763. National Wildlife Refuge, Joint occupation with Britain; I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). 33. 2007-228. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. 29. Cover-title. 16. (Oxford, 1989). In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. 37. <> 20. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. 47. The history of American expansion and the story of our new possessions. We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. The question of territory was there from the start. 26. <> It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. commonwealth status as Federated States of 29,670. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. ed. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. 10. 41. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. 1848. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. Annexation of independent republic. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. It is generally held to be an illegal act. independent as Republic of the Marshall <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Expansion . independent as Kiribati Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. sovereign, self-governing republic. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. 30. On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes), Home About Services Privacy Reviews Login, Copyright 2023 Academic Cave | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click one of our contacts below to chat on WhatsApp. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131.

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